Dietary Assessment for Weight Management and Health Maintenance.

An adequate dietary assessment is essential for improving the eating habits of the population and preventing health problems such as obesity and cardiovascular diseases [...].

Bienestar psicológico del personal sanitario de urgencias durante la pandemia por COVID-19 / Psychological wellbeing of the emergency healthcare staff during the COVID-19 pandemic

Objetivo: conocer el bienestar psicológico, la resiliencia y el optimismo de los profesionales sanitarios de los Servicios de Urgencias y Emergencias durante la tercera ola de la pandemia de COVID-19, así como identificar factores asociados al bienestar psicológico.Método: estudio descriptivo (enero-abril de 2021). La población de estudio fueron profesionales sanitarios que trabajaron en los Servicios de Urgencias y Emergencias durante la tercera ola de la pandemia de COVID-19 en Murcia (España). Se diseñó un cuestionario que recopilaba datos sociodemográficos y profesionales, e incluía tres escalas validadas para valorar optimismo, bienestar emocional y resiliencia. El cuestionario se distribuyó por correo electrónico. Se realizó análisis descriptivo y analítico.Resultados: 197 trabajadores, 145 (73,6%) fueron mujeres. Edad media (DE) 36,7 (9,98) años. Los profesionales mostraron niveles de bienestar psicológico medio-alto (80%), la falta de autonomía fue el área más afectada, especialmente en las mujeres. En cuanto a la resiliencia y al optimismo aparecen valores medios moderados, siendo los sanitarios que presentaban más años de experiencia los que mostraron mejores niveles de resiliencia (p= 0,03). Las variables que mejor explicaron los niveles de bienestar psicológico fueron el optimismo y la resiliencia.Conclusiones: la mayoría de los sanitarios refirió niveles promedio altos de bienestar psicológico, y niveles medios de resiliencia y optimismo. El menor bienestar psicológico percibido apareció en mujeres, enfermeras y con menos años de experiencia. La dimensión más afectada fue la dependencia en la toma de decisiones. Una actitud optimista y resiliente contribuyó a explicar el bienestar percibido de los sanitarios.(AU)

Objective: to understand the psychological wellbeing, resilience and optimism of healthcare professionals from the Emergency Units during the third wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as to identify those factors associated with psychological wellbeing.Method: a descriptive study (January-April 2021). The study population were healthcare professionals working in the Emergency Units during the third wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Murcia (Spain). A questionnaire was designed to collect sociodemographic and professional data; it included three validated scales to assess optimism, emotional wellbeing and resilience. The questionnaire was sent by e-mail. There was descriptive and analytical analysis.Results: the study included 197 workers; 145 (73.6%) were female. Their mean age (SD) was 36.7 (9-98) years. Professionals showed a medium-high level of psychological wellbeing (80%); lack of independence was the most affected area, particularly in women. Regarding resilience and optimism, there were moderate mean values, with those healthcare professionals with more years of experience presenting better levels of resilience (p= 0.03). The variables which better explained the levels of psychological wellbeing were optimism and resilience.Conclusions: the majority of healthcare professionals reported high average levels of psychological wellbeing, and medium levels of resilience and optimism. The lowest psychological wellbeing perceived appeared in women, nurses, and those with less years of experience. The most affected dimension was dependence in decision making. An optimistic and resilient attitude contributed to explain the wellbeing perceived among healthcare professionals.(AU)

Dietary intakes among people with vs without food addiction: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Individuals with food addiction (FA) may experience addictive behaviours like those observed in other substances of abuse, which may affect their dietary intake habits. In fact, previous studies have reported associations between FA and dietary patterns, but this evidence has not been quantitatively summarised before. Therefore, this study aimed to explore differences in dietary intakes among adults with vs without food addiction. METHODS: A systematic-review and meta-analysis was conducted. Interventional or observational studies evaluating dietary intakes associated with FA that used the Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS) were explored. PubMed, WoS and SCOPUS databases were searched up to September 2021, and selected articles were confirmed manually. Potentially eligible studies were checked independently by two researchers. YFAS and dietary habits were obtained from the studies selected by the search protocol. Standardized mean differences were retrieved and random effects meta-analyses were used for those studies reporting quantitative data. RESULTS: From 162 potentially appropriate studies, 16 studies were finally included, all of which used cross-sectional designs. FA was generally related to higher intakes of total fat, proteins, sugar, and processed/energy-dense foods. The meta-analysis revealed that this association was only statistically significant in overweighted/obese individuals (P < 0.001 in all cases), while in those studies that included the general population (all weight categories), this association was not evident (p = 0.18). CONCLUSIONS: Being addicted to food was not associated with a higher energy intake in the general population. However, among those with overweight or obesity, FA was associated with higher energy and nutrient consumption. This provides evidence on the influence of addictive behaviours on dietary intake patterns of people with excess body weight and reinforces the concept of food addiction and its influence in the development of obesity. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: PROSPERO registration number CRD42020212866.

Mediterranean Diet Adherence and Eating Disorders in Spanish Nurses with Shift Patterns: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Background and Objectives: Shift work has a significant influence on the mental health of workers. Nursing is characterised by a rotational work system. This study aimed to determine whether there was a link between adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MD) and the risk of suffering an eating disorder (ED) in nurses according to their work shift. Materials and Methods: A total of 240 women (nurses and nursing assistants) were evaluated and completed the PREDIMED-PLUS questionnaire on adherence to the MD and the EAT-26 (Eating Attitude Test, 26 items). Results: The results indicate that there are no differences in adherence to the MD depending on the work shift, being that adherence to the diet is already low. Statistically significant differences appear depending on the work shift in the following dimensions: restrictive behaviours and bulimia subscales (presenting higher scores in the 7-h rotating shift versus the fixed morning shift or 12-h rotating shift) and for total EAT-26 score. Conclusion: Whilst they do not condition adherence to a MD, the nursing shifts that are the most changing in terms of time patterns may condition restrictive behaviours and compensatory risk behaviours related to an ED.

Relationship between Emotional Intelligence, Sleep Quality and Body Mass Index in Emergency Nurses.

Nurses have long working hours with high psychological burdens. In addition, in the emergency department, nurses are required to quickly adapt emotionally. The aim of this study was to describe and relate emotional intelligence (EI) skills of emergency nurses, their body mass index (BMI) and sleep quality. For this purpose, a cross-sectional was carried out in which the perceived emotional intelligence test and the Pittsburgh sleep quality index were applied. Sixty-two emergency nurses (48 women and 14 men) participated. The results indicated that the majority of them present adequate levels of EI, with no differences by gender. Younger nurses showed a better ability to feel, express and understand emotional states than the older ones, while the ability to regulate emotional states occurred in the opposite way. Nurses who have been working for several years showed a better ability to regulate emotions than those with less experience. Those who were overweight grade II and obese type I expressed their feelings better, also the regulation of emotional states decreased as weight increased. Finally, it has been observed that the quality of sleep of emergency nurses is significantly altered, and that this lack of sleep may affect their ability to process emotions.

Valoración del estado dietético-nutricional, la composición corporal, el comportamiento alimentario y la percepción de la imagen en deportistas de gimnasia rítmica / Assessment of nutritional-dietary status, body composition, eating behavior, and perceived image in rhythmic gymnastics athletes

INTRODUCCIÓN: entre las gimnastas adolescentes se ha observado cierta preocupación por el peso, con dietas insuficientes en energía y algunos nutrientes en búsqueda del máximo rendimiento. Esta preocupación puede estar relacionada con trastornos de la conducta alimentaria, menstruación irregular, cansancio y descanso insuficiente. OBJETIVOS: evaluar el estado diétético-nutricional, la composición corporal, el comportamiento alimentario y la preocupación por la imagen corporal de las gimnastas de competición. MÉTODOS: estudio observacional y transveral en el que participaron 33 gimnastas femeninas (edad: M = 14,52, DT = 1,85), subélite, de entre 11 y 18 años de edad. Se realizaron valoraciones antropométricas, se les aplicó un test de actitudes alimentarias (EAT-26) y un cuestionario sobre la figura corporal (BSQ), y se las entrevistó, recogiéndose datos sociodemográficos, sociodeportivos, de salud y sobre la ingesta. RESULTADOS: la dieta de las deportistas es principalmente deficitaria en agua, carbohidratos, proteínas, vitaminas D y E, fibra, hierro y calcio, con sobreingesta de vitamina A y sodio. Las deportistas presentan normopeso y valores altos de masa muscular, bajos de masa grasa y medios de los componentes del somatotipo (endomorfo equilibrado con tendencia a central). Se detectaron dos casos de riesgo de trastorno de la conducta alimentaria (TCA) y preocupación por la imagen corporal percibida en un cuarto de la muestra. CONCLUSIONES: el riesgo de padecer un TCA se relaciona con el consumo de fármacos prohibidos o sustancias adictivas, la menstruación irregular, el cansancio y dormir menos horas

INTRODUCTION: among adolescent gymnasts some concern for body weight has been observed, with diets inadequate in energy and some nutrients in the search for maximum performance. OBJECTIVE: the aim of this study was to evaluate the dietary-nutritional status, body composition, eating behavior, and perceived body image concerns of female gymnasts at sub-national competition levels. In addition, to study the relationship between the prevalence of the risk of eating disorders and variables such as substance use, irregular menstruation, fatigue, and hours of sleep. MATERIALS AND METHOD: a total of 33 female subelite gymnasts participated (age: M = 14.52, SD = 1.85), with age ranging from 11 to 18 years. Anthropometric evaluations (restricted profile) were made, the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26) and Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ) were administered, and the subjects were then interviewed for collecting sociodemographic, socio-sports, health, and food intake data. RESULTS: the results showed that their diet was deficient, among other micro- and macro-nutrients, in water, carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins D and E, fiber, iron and calcium, whereas they ingested an excess of vitamin A and sodium. These athletes had normal weight, high muscle mass values, low fat mass levels, and intermediate somatotype components (balanced endomorph with a tendency to central). Two cases at risk for an eating disorder, and concerns related to perceived body image in a quarter of the sample were identified. CONCLUSION: the risk of having an eating disorder is related to the consumption of prohibited drugs or addictive substances, irregular menstruation, tiredness, and fewer hours of sleep

Análisis de la resiliencia y dependencia en deportes de combate y otras modalidades deportivas / Analysis of resilience and dependence in combat sports and other sports modalities

Resumen El ejercicio físico (EF) es una práctica sistematizada y orientada a un objetivo (salud, rendimiento, etc.) de actividad física. Dadas las respuestas a nivel fisiológico y cognitivo que genera, este puede influir en diversos factores psicosociales. El objetivo de este estudio es conocer la prevalencia del riesgo de dependencia al EF y de resiliencia por deporte (colectivo, individual o combate) y analizar las diferencias, teniendo en cuenta el sexo, edad, dedicación deportiva y años de experiencia deportiva. Participaron 278 deportistas (194-varones, 84-mujeres). Se administró la Escala de Dependencia del Ejercicio-Revisada y la Escala de Resiliencia. Los resultados mostraron una menor sintomatología de riesgo de dependencia al EF y elevados niveles de resiliencia en deportes de combate frente al resto. En deportes individuales se encuentra una menor resiliencia a medida que van pasando los años de experiencia. En la modalidad colectiva se hallaron diferencias por sexo, mostrando las mujeres mayor resiliencia que los hombres. Los deportes de combate muestran mejores resultados en resiliencia y dependencia al EF.

Abstract Physical exercise (PE) is a systematized and goal-oriented practice (health, performance, etc.) of physical activity. Given the physiological and cognitive responses that it generates, it can influence various psychosocial factors. The aim of this study is to know risk exercise dependence and resilience prevalence in athletes by sport (collective, individual or combat), and analyze the differences, according to sex, age, sports dedication and years of sports experience. 278 athletes were evaluated (194 men and 84 women) using the Exercise Dependence Scale-Revised and Resilience Scale inventories in the Spanish version. Results showed an important symptomatology of exercise dependence risk and higher levels of resilience in combat sports in comparison with team sports or individual sports. There was a significant negative correlation between resilience and years of expertise in individual sports athletes. Results from team sports athletes presented significant differences between men and women in resilience, increased in women. Sport combat practice showed better results in resilience and exercise dependence.

[Assessment of nutritional-dietary status, body composition, eating behavior, and perceived image in rhythmic gymnastics athletes]. / Valoración del estado dietético-nutricional, la composición corporal, el comportamiento alimentario y la percepción de la imagen en deportistas de gimnasia rítmica.

INTRODUCTION: Introduction: among adolescent gymnasts some concern for body weight has been observed, with diets inadequate in energy and some nutrients in the search for maximum performance. Objective: the aim of this study was to evaluate the dietary-nutritional status, body composition, eating behavior, and perceived body image concerns of female gymnasts at sub-national competition levels. In addition, to study the relationship between the prevalence of the risk of eating disorders and variables such as substance use, irregular menstruation, fatigue, and hours of sleep. Materials and method: a total of 33 female subelite gymnasts participated (age: M = 14.52, SD = 1.85), with age ranging from 11 to 18 years. Anthropometric evaluations (restricted profile) were made, the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26) and Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ) were administered, and the subjects were then interviewed for collecting sociodemographic, socio-sports, health, and food intake data. Results: the results showed that their diet was deficient, among other micro- and macro-nutrients, in water, carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins D and E, fiber, iron and calcium, whereas they ingested an excess of vitamin A and sodium. These athletes had normal weight, high muscle mass values, low fat mass levels, and intermediate somatotype components (balanced endomorph with a tendency to central). Two cases at risk for an eating disorder, and concerns related to perceived body image in a quarter of the sample were identified. Conclusion: the risk of having an eating disorder is related to the consumption of prohibited drugs or addictive substances, irregular menstruation, tiredness, and fewer hours of sleep.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Introducción: entre las gimnastas adolescentes se ha observado cierta preocupación por el peso, con dietas insuficientes en energía y algunos nutrientes en búsqueda del máximo rendimiento. Esta preocupación puede estar relacionada con trastornos de la conducta alimentaria, menstruación irregular, cansancio y descanso insuficiente. Objetivos: evaluar el estado diétético-nutricional, la composición corporal, el comportamiento alimentario y la preocupación por la imagen corporal de las gimnastas de competición. Métodos: estudio observacional y transveral en el que participaron 33 gimnastas femeninas (edad: M = 14,52, DT = 1,85), subélite, de entre 11 y 18 años de edad. Se realizaron valoraciones antropométricas, se les aplicó un test de actitudes alimentarias (EAT-26) y un cuestionario sobre la figura corporal (BSQ), y se las entrevistó, recogiéndose datos sociodemográficos, sociodeportivos, de salud y sobre la ingesta. Resultados: la dieta de las deportistas es principalmente deficitaria en agua, carbohidratos, proteínas, vitaminas D y E, fibra, hierro y calcio, con sobreingesta de vitamina A y sodio. Las deportistas presentan normopeso y valores altos de masa muscular, bajos de masa grasa y medios de los componentes del somatotipo (endomorfo equilibrado con tendencia a central). Se detectaron dos casos de riesgo de trastorno de la conducta alimentaria (TCA) y preocupación por la imagen corporal percibida en un cuarto de la muestra. Conclusiones: el riesgo de padecer un TCA se relaciona con el consumo de fármacos prohibidos o sustancias adictivas, la menstruación irregular, el cansancio y dormir menos horas.

Effects of Manual Therapy on Fatigue, Pain, and Psychological Aspects in Women with Fibromyalgia.

Fibromyalgia is a condition characterised by chronic widespread muscle pain and fatigue, sleep disturbances, cognitive disorders, and mood disturbance. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of a manual therapy technique performed with moderate digital pressure in women with fibromyalgia (n = 24). In this randomised, controlled trial, the participants were randomly assigned to the experimental group or placebo group. The experimental group was assisted with manual therapy sessions based on connective tissue massage, whereas the placebo group was "treated" with ultrasound sessions performed without conductive gel and with the machine turned off as the placebo. Fatigue severity scale (FSS), visual analogical scale (VAS), Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI), and profile of mood states (POMS-29) were completed before and after the intervention. In the experimental group (manual therapy), significant results were obtained on a VAS scale, referring to the neck pain in patients with fibromyalgia (p < 0.001). Correlations showed a relationship between fatigue and sleep variables (R = 0.411; p = 0.046) and pain variables with the POMS anger-hostility subscale (R = 0.436; p = 0.033). Although the size of the sample could be a limitation, the study concluded that the application of manual therapy in fibromyalgia patients performed with moderate pressure for 15 min on the posterior cervical musculature decreased the perception of pain, muscle fatigue, and the state of tension-anxiety.

Eating Disorders in Pregnant and Breastfeeding Women: A Systematic Review.

Background: Pregnancy is a stage associated with various biopsychosocial changes. These changes, along with concerns about keeping an adequate weight, can modulate an individual's risk for psychological disorders, especially eating disorders (EDs). The aim of this review was to investigate the prevalence, associated risks, and consequences of eating disorders in pregnancy and in breastfeeding mothers. Materials and Methods: A systematic review was carried out following the PRISMA guidelines in the scientific databases: PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and PsycINFO. Search terms related to EDs, pregnancy, and breastfeeding were used. The evaluation of the methodological quality of the studies was carried out using different scales; CASP (Checklist for Cohort Study), NICE (Methodology Checklist for Cohort Study), ARHQ (Methodology Checklist for Cross-Sectional), and NOS (Newcastle-Ottawa Scale for Cohort). Results: From 2920 studies, 16 were selected to study EDs in pregnant women and 2 studies in nursing mothers. Most of the studies used questionnaires and scales as tools for the diagnosis of EDs. Binge eating, anxiety, and depression were the most common comorbidities of EDs, accompanied in most cases by excessive concern about weight gain. The consequences of EDs are diverse. The prevalence of EDs in this population is estimated to be 1 out of 20. Conclusions: Eating disorders are related to anxiety and depression and have negative consequences for both mothers and fetuses (cesarean, miscarriages, premature births). More research on the field to determine the risk factors for EDs in the population of pregnant and lactating women is needed.

Psychological and Sleep Effects of Tryptophan and Magnesium-Enriched Mediterranean Diet in Women with Fibromyalgia.

Anxiety, mood disturbance, eating and sleep disorders, and dissatisfaction with body image are prevalent disorders in women with fibromyalgia. The authors of this study aimed to determine the effects of tryptophan (TRY) and magnesium-enriched (MG) Mediterranean diet on psychological variables (trait anxiety, mood state, eating disorders, self-image perception) and sleep quality in women with fibromyalgia (n = 22; 49 ± 5 years old). In this randomized, controlled trial, the participants were randomly assigned to the experimental group and the placebo group. The intervention group received a Mediterranean diet enriched with high doses of TRY and MG (60 mg of TRY and 60 mg of MG), whereas the control group received the standard Mediterranean diet. Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Questionnaire, Body Shape Questionnaire, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), Profile of Mood States (POMS-29) Questionnaire, Eating Attitudes Test-26, and Trait Anxiety Inventory were completed before and 16 weeks after the intervention. Significant differences were observed between groups after the intervention for the mean scores of trait anxiety (p = 0.001), self-image perception (p = 0.029), mood disturbance (p = 0.001), and eating disorders (p = 0.006). This study concludes that tryptophan and magnesium-enriched Mediterranean diet reduced anxiety symptoms, mood disturbance, eating disorders, and dissatisfaction with body image but did not improve sleep quality in women with fibromyalgia.

Evaluación e intervención psicológica en jugadoras de hockey sobre hierba femenino / Evaluation and psychological intervention in female grass hockey players / Avaliação e intervenção psicológica em jogadoras de hóquei em grama

El objeto de este estudio de caso fue evaluar las habilidades psicológicas de jugadoras de hockey hierba, y, por otro lado, la eficacia de la participación en un programa de entrenamiento psicológico en las características psicológicas relacionadas con el rendimiento deportivo. Participaron 10 jugadoras de hockey de 16 a 26 años de la selección de hockey hierba femenino de categoría senior. La intervención psicológica se realizó en Montevideo-Uruguay, durante 16 sesiones a través de trabajo individualizado (voluntario) y trabajo grupal (obligatorio) con un enfoque cognitivo-conductual. La intervención estuvo formada por técnicas y estrategias como la reestructuración cognitiva; la autocaracterización; la técnica de la Rejilla de concentración y Stroop; habilidades de comunicación y de autoconocimiento; auto-registros conductuales; observaciones-confrontaciones e interpretaciones; y técnicas de relajación y visualización. Se administró el Cuestionario de Características Psicológicas relacionadas con el Rendimiento Deportivo en jugadores de fútbol (CPRD-f, Olmedilla, García y Martínez, 2007) antes y después de la intervención de 4 meses de duración. Los resultados indican que las habilidades psicológicas en estas deportistas son caracterizadas por niveles altos de autoconfianza; impermeabilidad a la evaluación del rendimiento; manejo de la ansiedad competitiva y de la atención-concentración. Aparecen diferencias significativas tras la intervención que favorecen la calma ante las diferentes situaciones relacionadas con la competición, con un aumento del manejo de la ansiedad competitiva. Se plantea la necesidad de transferir esta información a psicólogos del deporte que intervengan a jugadoras de hockey, facilitando la selección y ajuste de estrategias psicológicas específicas en los planes de entrenamiento con el objetivo de mantener y fortalecer sus habilidades psicológicas llegando a conseguir que se manifiesten al máximo nivel

The purpose of this pilot study was to evaluate the psychological skills of grass hockey players, and, on the other hand, the effectiveness of participation in a psychological training program on psychological characteristics related to athletic performance. Ten hockey players from 16 to 26 years old participated in the senior women's field hockey team. The psychological intervention was carried out during 16 sessions through individualized work (voluntary) and group. The intervention consisted of techniques and strategies such as cognitive restructuring; self-characterization; the technique of the concentration grid and Stroop; communication and self-knowledge skills; behavioral self-records; observations-confrontations and interpretations; and relaxation and visualization techniques. The CPRD-f (Olmedilla, García and Martínez, 2007) was administered before and after the 4-month intervention. The results indicate that the psychological skills in these athletes are characterized by high levels of self-confidence; impermeability to performance evaluation; management of competitive anxiety and attention-concentration. Significant differences appear after the intervention that favor calm against the different situations related to the competition. The need arises to transfer this information to sports psychologists who intervene hockey players, facilitating the selection and adjustment of specific psychological strategies in training plans with the aim of maintaining and strengthening their psychological skills, getting them to manifest themselves to the maximum level

O objetivo deste estudo de caso foi avaliar as habilidades psicológicas de jogadoras de hóquei na grama, assim como a efetividade durante a participação em um programa de treinamento baseado nas características psicológicas relacionadas com o desempenho esportivo. Dez jogadoras de hóquei entre 16 e 26 anos participaram da seleção feminina ha categoria sênior. A intervenção psicológica foi realizada em Montevidéu, Uruguai, por meio de 16 sessões, através de trabalho individualizado (voluntário) e trabalho em grupo (obrigatório) com uma abordagem cognitiva/comportamental. A intervenção foi realizada por técnicas com o emprego de estratégias como reestruturação cognitiva, autocaracterização, técnica da capacidade de concentração e habilidades de comunicação e autoconhecimento, registros autocomportamentais, observações, confrontos e interpretações e técnicas de relaxamento e visualização. Foi aplicado um questionário das características psicológicas relacionadas ao desempenho esportivo em jogadores de futebol (CPRD-f, Olmedilla, García y Martínez, 2007) antes e após a intervenção de quatro meses. Os resultados indicam que as habilidades psicológicas desses atletas são caracterizadas por altos níveis de autoconfiança e permeabilidade à avaliação do desempenho da gestão competitiva da ansiedade e concentração. Diferenças significativas apareceram após a intervenção que favorecem a calma diante das diferentes situações relacionadas à competição, com um aumento no gerenciamento da ansiedade competitiva. Surge a necessidade então de transferir essas informações aos psicólogos esportivos que intervêm junto aos jogadores de hóquei, facilitando a seleção e o ajuste de estratégias específicas nos planos de treinamento como objetivo de manter e fortalecer suas habilidades psicológicas, fazendo com que elas se manifestem no mais alto nível

Relación entre optimismo y rendimiento deportivo. Revision sistemática / Relationship between optimism and athletic performance. Systematic review

El optimismo es un factor psicológico moderador en el rendimiento deportivo. El objetivo de este trabajo es revisar la evidencia empírica de los trabajos relacionados con optimismo en el rendimiento deportivo, analizando la calidad metodológica de los estudios. Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática siguiendo las indicaciones de las guía PRISMA (Urrútia y Bonfill, 2013). Las bases de datos consultadas fueron PubMed, WOS, Scopus, Psycinfo y SportDiscus. Se seleccionaron para el análisis los trabajos que evaluaban el optimismo y el rendimiento en contexto deportivo (n = 7). Para el análisis de la calidad se utilizó el Instrumento para la lectura crítica y la evaluación de estudios epidemiológicos de Berra, Elorza-Ricart, Estrada y Sánchez (2008). Posteriormente se calculó la fiabilidad interjueces, con dos jueces participantes,mediante el coeficiente kappa de Cohen. La metodología utilizada en los estudios seleccionados fue en su mayor parte análisis correlaciónales entre resultados de la escala LOT y el rendimiento de los deportistas, evaluado de distintas formas. En general, las medidas de optimismo fueron relacionadas con un aumento del rendimiento deportivo. La calidad de los estudios se considera media. Investigaciones futuras debe mejorar mediante procedimientos más experimentales, con calidad y rigor metodológico (AU)

Optimism is a moderating psychological factor in sports performance. The aim of this study is to review the current evidence regarding optimism and sports performance. To this end, a systematic review of the literature was conducted, taking in consideration only those that followed PRISMA guidelines (Urrútia & Bonfill, 2013). The following databases were used with the predefined inclusion criteria (optimism and sports performance): PubMed, WOS, Scopus, Psycinfo and SportDiscus. The study was assessed using the Critical Reading and Evaluation of Epidemiological Studies (Berra, Elorza-Ricart, Estrada & Sanchez, 2008). Interrater reliability was verified withCohen's Kappacoefficient (2 judges). The majority of the studies performed correlational analyses between LOT scale results and athletic performance (n = 7). As a result, a positive correlation was observed between optimism and athletic performance. In general, the quality of the studies was considered average. Future studies should take in consideration the use of additional, higher quality and more rigorous experimental procedures (AU)

Dependencia al ejercicio físico e indicadores del estado de ánimo en deportistas universitários / / Dependência ao exercício físico e indicadores do estado de ânimo em universitários esportistas / Exercise dependence and mood states indicators in university athletes

El objetivo de este estudio fue conocer la prevalencia de la dependencia al ejercicio físico en deportistas universitarios; analizar las diferencias en función del sexo, modalidad deportiva y tiempo de entrenamiento. Además, analizar su relación y sensibilidad con los estados de ánimo. Participaron 255 estudiantes (212 hombres y 43 mujeres) con edades comprendidas entre los 18 y 43 años (M = 21,25; DT = 4,28). Se administró la versión española de la 'Escala de Dependencia del Ejercicio- Revisada' (EDS-R; Sicilia y González, 2011) y el Profile of Mood States (POMS; McNair, Lorr y Droppleman, 1971). Los resultados mostraron una dependencia al ejercicio físico representada en un 6% de los participantes del estudio, sin diferencias estadísticamente significativas en función del sexo o modalidad deportiva. En cuanto al tiempo de entrenamiento sí aparecieron diferencias, siendo los que presentaban alta dedicación los que presentaban mayores síntomas de dependencia al ejercicio físico, frente a los que presentaban una dedicación saludable. La dependencia al ejercicio se relacionó con un perfil del estado de ánimo de tensión, depresión, cólera, fatiga y debilidad. Los resultados han permitido identificar características del proceso de dependencia del ejercicio e indicadores psicológicos que permiten detectar signos del trastorno, mediante la evaluación psicológica durante los períodos de entrenamiento, para prevenir el desarrollo completo del problema (AU)

The aim of this study was to determine exercise dependence prevalence in college athletes; analyze differences by gender, kind of sport and training time. In addition, to analyze its relationship with sensitivity and moods. Involved 255 students (212 men and 43 women) aged between 18 and 43 years (M = 21.25, SD = 4.28). Spanish version of the Exercise Dependence Scale -Revised (EDS- R; Sicilia and González, 2011) and Profile of Mood States (POMS, McNair, Lorr and Droppleman, 1971) were administered. The results showed a dependence on exercise represented 6% of the study participants, no statistically significant differences by gender or sport. Regarding the training time differences did appear, being those with high dedication which had higher symptoms of exercise dependence, compared to those with a healthy dedication. Exercise dependence was associated with a profile mood of tension, depression, anger, fatigue and weakness. The results have identified characteristics of the process of exercise and psychological dependence indicators for signs of the disorder through psychological evaluation during training periods to prevent the full development of the problem (AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi conhecer a prevalência da dependência ao exercício físico em universitários esportistas; analisar as diferenças por gênero, modalidade desportiva e período de treinamento. Além disso, analisar a relação e sensibilidade com os estados de ânimo. Participaram 255 estudantes (212 homens e 43 mulheres) com idades entre 18 e 43 anos (M = 21,25; DT = 4,28). Administrou-se a versão espanhola da 'Escala de Dependência do Exercício- Revisada' (EDS-R; Sicilia e González, 2011) e o Profile of Mood States (POMS; McNair, Lorr e Droppleman, 1971). Os resultados mostraram uma dependência ao exercício físico, representada por 6% dos participantes do estudo, sem diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre gênero ou modalidade esportiva. Houve diferenças enquanto ao período de treinamento, sendo que, os sujeitos que apresentavam maior dedicação apresentavam altos sintomas de dependência ao exercício físico, comparando aos que se dedicavam de maneira saudável. A dependência ao exercício foi relacionada com o perfil de estado de ânimo de tensão, depressão, cólera, fadiga e debilidade. Os resultados permitiram esclarecer quais as características do processo de dependência do exercício e indicadores psicológicos que permitem detectar signos de transtorno, mediante a valoração psicológica durante os treinamentos, para prevenir o desenvolvimento do problema (AU)

Dependencia al ejercicio físico y trastornos de la conducta alimentaria / No disponible

El objetivo de estudio fue conocer el riesgo de dependencia al ejercicio físico a través de la Escala Revisada de Dependencia del Ejercicio (EDS-R, de Sicilia & González, 2011) de 49 pacientes con Trastornos de la Conducta Alimentaria (TCA), además de los motivos y las creencias que presentan respecto al ejercicio físico. Los resultados obtenidos indican como principal motivación la mejora de su aspecto físico bajo la creencia fundamental de que puede mejorar su salud física y psicológica, y en una notable mayoría el control de su peso. Los pacientes que realizan más de cuatro horas semanales de ejercicio físico presentan una media global más elevada de los síntomas consistentes con una dependencia al ejercicio físico frente aquellos que realizan menos de cuatro horas semanales. Este trabajo facilita la elaboración de estrategias de tratamiento ajustadas en pacientes con un TCA y el cuestionamiento de la recomendación de la práctica deportiva, pudiendo convertir un hábito sano en una posible adicción y agravamiento de su trastorno

The aim of study was to determine the risk exercise dependence through Exercise Dependence Scale-Revised (Sicilia & González, 2011) in 49 patients with eating disorders, in addition to motives and beliefs having regard to physical exercise. The results indicate like main motivation the improve of their physical appearance under the fundamental belief that it can improve their physical and psychological health, and in a remarkable majority the control of his weight. The patients that realised more than four weekly hours of physical exercise present a global average more elevated of the consistent symptoms with a dependence to the physical exercise front those that realised less than four weekly hours. This work facilitates the preparation of strategies of treatment become adjusted in patients with eating disorders. We ask about if an increasing number of hours of his physical exercise may be harmful to health with risk from exercise addiction aggravating their disorder

Consideraciones en el entrenamiento de habilidades psicológicas en esgrima / Considerations for training in psychological skills in fencing / Considerações nos treinamentos das habilidades psicológicas em esgrima

El objetivo de estudio fue conocer si existen diferencias en las habilidades psicológicas del esgrimista de competición en función de su nivel deportivo, edad y género. Fueron evaluados 90 esgrimistas (42 mujeres y 48 hombres; 20 élite y 70 no-élite; edad: M= 21.20, dt= 7.01) sin entrenamiento psicológico previo. Se aplicó la Prueba para Evaluar Rasgos Psicológicos en Deportistas Versión Revisada (PAR P1-R; Serrato, 2006). Un MANOVA mostró diferencias significativas por nivel deportivo (Lambda de Wilks= 0,79, F= 2,58, p= 0,02, Eta2= 0,21) presentando mayor dominio en habilidades de confianza (p= 0,03), visualización (p= 0,03) y actitud positiva (p= 0,00) la élite frente a la no-élite. No se encuentran diferencias estadísticamente significativas en las variables evaluadas en función del género o edad. Estos resultados facilitan la selección y ajuste de estrategias psicológicas específicas en los planes de entrenamiento de esgrimistas con el objetivo de mantener y fortalecer sus habilidades psicológicas llegando a conseguir que se manifiesten al máximo nivel (AU)

The aim of study was to know if exist differences in the psychological skills in competition fencers around his athletic performance, age and gender. 90 fencers were evaluated (42 women and 48 men; 20 elite and 70 no-elite; age: M= 21,20, dt= 7,01) without previous psychological training. The evaluation system used was the Prueba para Evaluar Rasgos Psicológicos en Deportistas Versión Revisada (PAR P1-R; Serrato, 2006). A MANOVA showed significant differences in athletic performance (Lambda of Wilks= 0,79, F= 2,58, p= 0,02, Eta2= 0,21), higher scores in skills confidence (p= 0,03), imagery, (p= 0,03) and positive attitude (p= 0,00) in elite front no-elite. We didn´t find significant difference in evaluated variables by gender or age. These results help to select and adjust specific psychological strategies in fencers training plans with the aim to keep and strengthen psychological skills getting their maximum level (AU)

O objetivo do estudo foi de conhecer se existem diferenças nas habilidades psicológicas do esgrimista de competição em função do seu nível esportivo, idade e gênero. Foram avaliados 90 esgrimistas (42 mulheres e 48 homens; 20 de elite e 70 de não - elite : idade: M= 21.20, dt= 7.01) sem treinamento psicológico prévio. Foi aplicado a Prova para Avaliar Rasgos Psicológicos em Esportistas Versão Revisada (PAR P1-R; Serrato, 2006) Um MANOVA mostrou diferenças significativas por nível esportivo (Lambda de Wilks= 0,79, F= 2,58, p= 0,02, Eta2= 0,21), apresentando maior domínio nas habilidades de confiança (p= 0,03), e atitude positiva (p=0,00) entre a elite e não - elite. Não foi encontrada diferenças estatisticamente significativas nas variáveis avaliadas em função do gênero e da idade. Estes resultados facilitam a seleção e o ajuste das estratégias psicológicas especifica nos planos de treinamentos do esgrimista com o objetivo de manter e fortalecer suas habilidades psicológicas podendo conseguir o máximo nível de manifestação (AU)

Efecto de la experiencia deportiva en las habilidades psicológicas de esgrimistas del ranking nacional español / Effect of the sport experience in psychological skills of spanish national ranking fencers

Los objetivos de este estudio fueron conocer las habilidades psicológicas en esgrimistas ante distintas situaciones propias del entrenamiento y la competición, así como establecer el efecto de la experiencia en la práctica deportiva. Fueron evaluados 40 esgrimistas asiduos al ranking nacional español absoluto (24 mujeres y 16 hombres; edad: M= 23.17, dt= 8.92). El sistema de evaluación utilizado ha sido la Prueba para Evaluar Rasgos Psicológicos en Deportistas Versión Revisada (PAR P1-R; Serrato, 2006). El grupo ha mostrado excelentes habilidades en las variables de reto competitivo (M= 7.95, dt= 1.86) y sensibilidad emocional (M= 4.22, dt= 2.57) y necesidad de mejora en autoconfianza, motivación, actitud positiva, concentración e imaginación. Al comparar los esgrimistas de acuerdo a la experiencia deportiva se encuentran diferencias significativas a favor de los esgrimistas con mayor experiencia en atención (p= 0.04) y control de sus emociones (p= 0.03). Sin embargo, experimentan menos motivación (p= 0.01) en su práctica. Los resultados señalan la necesidad de intervención psicológica en los sistemas de preparación de los esgrimistas para la mejora de habilidades psicológicas con el fin de conseguir el máximo desarrollo de competencias y el perfil de rendimiento óptimo en su deporte (AU)

The aim of this study is to identify psychological skills in fencers according to different training and competition situations, as well as to establish experience influence when practicing sport. 40 absolute Spanish national ranking fencers (24 women and 16 men; age: M= 23.17, dt= 8.92) were evaluated. The evaluation system used was the Prueba para Evaluar Rasgos Psicológicos en Deportistas Versión Revisada (PAR P1-R; Serrato, 2006). The group has shown excellent skills in competitive challenge (M= 7.95, dt= 1.86) and emotional sensitivity (M= 4.22, dt= 2.57), but a need of improvement in self-assuredness, motivation, positive attitude, concentration, and imagination. When comparing fencers according to their sport experience significant differences arise in fencers with highest experience in attention (p= 0.04) and emotiona (..) (AU)

Os objetivos deste estudo foram de conhecer as habilidades psicológicas de esgrimistas diante de distintas situações (AU)